Evolutionary changes adopted by aphid species in order to survive in changing environment

Aphid belongs to the major category of plant’s pests that can influence the plant by directly sucking the cell sap and also by spreading many plant diseases. As a counter response against intense control or management tactics applied by human being, which may include chemical treatment, use of resistant plant varieties, release of biological control agents, in-order to suppress the aphid population and ultimately to avoid the damages caused by aphid, aphid has evolved evolution in their behavior. In this review, we highlight some remarkable evolutionary responses to anthropogenic pressures in agro-ecosystems and discuss the mechanisms underlying the ecological and evolutionary success of aphids. We outline the symbiotic relationship between aphid and many other biological agents that ensure the survival of aphid.