Environmental pollutants and thyroid disorders: A review

The thyroid gland is one of the body's major endocrine glands, and its hormonal secretions are essential regulators of metabolism, normal growth and the development of the nervous system. Dysfunction of this gland can lead to serious health consequences at various stages of life, this is especially true during pregnancy and childhood, which are considered critical periods. Research reports indicate that environmental pollutants are among the leading causes of the significant increase in thyroid diseases. These pollutants act as thyroid disruptors, causing dysfunction by interfering with hormone production, metabolism, and receptor binding. They also contribute significantly to the development of thyroid cancer (TC) by increasing oxidative stress and disrupting hormone function. This article will review the categories of environmental pollutants associated with thyroid disorders through alterations in the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3). We will also explore the pathways through which these pollutants affect the body and identify the population groups most vulnerable to the risks associated with exposure to them. Understanding the mechanism of action of these pollutants and the disruption they cause to thyroid function is a priority of scientific research in the health field in order to prepare a clear preventive vision and strategy that ensures proper physical growth and metabolism for future generations, as well as preventing TC in adults.