Impact of forest fragmentation on the distribution of elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the N’Zi Supérieur Classified Forest, Côte d’Ivoire

The N’Zi Supérieur Classified Forest (NSCF) is one of the last refuges of the savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana) in northern Côte d’Ivoire. This study aimed to assess the influence of anthropogenic pressure on the spatial distribution of the species within this ecosystem. Presence indices (droppings, footprints, feeding traces) and anthropogenic activities (agriculture, transhumance, land clearing, logging, campsites, hunting, and pollution) were recorded along seven transects and reconnaissance walks. Data were analyzed using dot mapping and spatial interpolation (IDW) with QGIS 3.16.11. Results indicate a high concentration of elephants in the north-eastern sector, near watercourses and areas with low human disturbance, while anthropogenic pressures are widespread, with hotspots in the centre and north of the forest. These findings suggest that human activities restrict the species’ dispersal and confine its presence to limited refuges. The study underscores the need for sustainable management combining strict protection of refuge areas and regulation of anthropogenic activities in order to preserve the savanna elephant and the biodiversity of the NSCF.