Metabolite profile and bioactivity of mangrove leaves of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. Growing in Sungsang IV, Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia

Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. is a mangrove species that thrives in the mangrove forest area of Sungsang IV village, which also serves as a site for mangrove nursery restoration. The leaves of A. marina have been traditionally used for their therapeutic properties due to their bioactive metabolites. This study aims to analyze the metabolite profile, compound abundance, antioxidant levels, and bioactivity search of metabolite in A. marina leaves from Sungsang IV, Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized for metabolite profiling, while the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was employed to measure antioxidant content. The results revealed a compound abundance of 99.07% in A. marina leaves, with 22 compounds detected, including four major compounds. These compounds include 2-propanol, 1,1'-oxybis (26.8%), which exhibits antimicrobial bioactivity; 4-methyl-2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene, 2TMS derivative (18.17%), demonstrating antioxidant, antibacterial, antimalarial, and anticancer properties; as well as 1-propanol, 2,2'-oxybis (15.6%) and 1-propanol, 2-(2-hydroxypropoxy)- (15.6%), both showing antimicrobial bioactivity. The antioxidant content of A. marina leaves was measured at 39.16 ± 10.05 ppm using ascorbic acid and 64.21 ± 17.32 ppm using quercetin. The chemical compounds present in A. marina leaves show potential for the development of herbal medicines and preservatives for fishery products.