Review of literature: Effect of stress on brain cells in adults

The literature review explores how stress influences adult brain cells, beginning with an explanation that stress is a natural, often beneficial reaction (known as eustress) that can enhance focus and performance. However, when stress becomes chronic or excessive, it leads to detrimental physical, emotional, and behavioral effects, including impaired immunity and an increased risk of various health disorders. The review details how the brain orchestrates the stress response through the HPA axis and autonomic nervous system, triggering the release of hormones such as cortisol. Key brain regions like the hippocampus—which is essential for memory and regulation of the stress response—are particularly vulnerable; prolonged exposure to stress hormones can lead to hippocampal atrophy and disrupted neuronal function. Additionally, the review touches on conditions like PTSD, where abnormal cortisol responses and increased neuroinflammation further compromise brain cell function. The overall aim is to understand how stress exposure affects the microscopic structure of brain cells in adults.