Immunological serum markers for hepatitis viral infections: HAV, HBV, HCV to advance of genetic engineering

Viral hepatitis is increasingly present in infections diagnosed around the world. Thousands of individuals are infected by these often-silent diseases that only manifest themselves when clinical signs are very advanced. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a vaccine-preventable liver infection. Recombinant vaccines had been applied with the advance of genetic engineering for HBV. New studies have investigated the improvement of the vaccine model of heterological antigens based on hepatitis B virus envelope protein containing HCV antigen as a chimeric vaccine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the detection rates of these viruses that induce liver damage and can progress to cancer depending on the associated epigenetic factors. Thus, between January 10, 2022, and March 31, 2023, about 2.750 samples were collected from 2.713 patients, of which 38.43% were for HCV and 30.25% for HAV research. For HBV, it had been analyzed about 2.222 samples from 1.660 patients, which females were more prevalent (60.60%) and males (39.39%). In all, eight biomarkers of the HBV were investigated and HBsAg marker was non-reactive in 44.01% of the total samples analyzed and 31,41% reactive for anti-HBs. HBV/HCV coinfected patients need more attention. New research about immunological serum markers should be better investigated to correlation the natural history of hepatitis viral infections and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) improve tumour genomic and epidemiological surveillance in clinical trials.