Nanoparticles: Classification, types and applications: A comprehensive review

Nanoparticles are tiny particles with unique properties, classified into organic, inorganic, and carbon-based categories. They have been used for centuries, with ancient civilizations employing them in various applications. The surface characteristics and particle size of nanoparticles can be modified to target medications passively and actively. They offer numerous advantages, including enhanced control over the encapsulated chemicals' release kinetics, improved drug transportation through cell barriers, and reduced toxicity. However, nanoparticles also exhibit strong reactivity due to their small size and large surface area, which can lead to biologically harmful effects. Carbon-based nanoparticles, including fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers, have distinct mechanical, chemical, and physical characteristics. Silver, gold, and copper nanoparticles have also been extensively studied for their antibacterial and antiviral properties. The applications of nanoparticles are diverse, ranging from biomedical and pharmaceutical to environmental and industrial uses. Overall, nanoparticles have the potential to revolutionize various fields, but their development and use must be carefully managed to mitigate their potential risks.