Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.): A critical review of ayurvedic literature and modern scientific evidence

Introduction: Mesua ferrea Linn. commonly known as Nagakesara, is an important medicinal plant widely described in classical Ayurvedic literature. Ancient texts such as the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita recognize its significant therapeutic value. In Ayurveda, the stamens of the flower are considered the primary medicinally useful part. Nagakesara possesses Kashaya, Tikta rasa, Ruksha and Laghu guna, Ushna veerya, and Katu vipaka, which contribute to its wide therapeutic spectrum. Traditionally, it is used in the management of Atisara (diarrhea), Raktapitta (bleeding disorders), Arsha (hemorrhoids), Jwara (fever), and Kushta (skin diseases). Recent scientific interest has focused on validating these traditional claims through phytochemical and pharmacological investigations.

Methods: A comprehensive literature review was carried out by examining classical Ayurvedic texts and modern scientific publications. Ayurvedic references related to Nagakesara were collected from authoritative treatises such as the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Modern scientific information was gathered from research articles, pharmacological studies, and phytochemical investigations available in open-access databases. Relevant keywords such as Mesua ferrea, Nagakesara phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities were used to identify relevant studies. The collected data were analyzed to correlate traditional Ayurvedic knowledge with modern scientific findings.

Results: Phytochemical studies on Mesua ferrea have revealed the presence of several bioactive constituents, including flavonoids, xanthones, tannins, essential oils, and phenolic compounds. These compounds contribute to its various pharmacological activities. Experimental studies have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and anti-ulcer properties. These findings support many of the traditional therapeutic uses of Nagakesara and indicate its potential role in managing metabolic and inflammatory disorders.

Discussion: The integration of classical Ayurvedic knowledge with modern research highlights the therapeutic versatility of Nagakesara. Traditional attributes such as Kashaya rasa and Sheeta veerya correspond with its pharmacological activities. However, further clinical studies, pharmacognostical evaluation, and standardization are required to strengthen its evidence-based use in integrative medicine and future herbal drug development.

Conclusion: Nagakesara is a highly valuable medicinal plant with considerable therapeutic potential, and continued scientific research may help in developing safe and effective herbal formulations for treating various diseases.