Malaria: A comprehensive review of its biology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention

Malaria remains a significant public health concern globally, particularly in Africa. The disease is caused by Plasmodium genus protozoan parasites, with six species known to infect humans. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, malaria continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially among vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and children under five years old. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of malaria, including its biology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Here discusses the complex life cycle of Plasmodium parasites, the various diagnostic techniques available, including rapid diagnostic tests, biomarkers, and molecular diagnosis, and the treatment, including artemisinin-based combination therapies. The importance of vector control and prevention strategies, including long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying. Also, the recent advances in malaria vaccine development, including the RTS, S vaccine, which has shown promise in preventing malaria in children. By synthesizing evidence from multiple fields, this review aims to inform future research directions and improve malaria control and prevention efforts.